Tamer A. Addissouky
1,2,3,4* 
1 Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, College of Technology and Health Sciences, AL-Mustaqbal University, 51001, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
2 Department of Biochemistry, Science Faculty, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
3 New Burg El-Arab Hospital, Ministry of Health, Alexandria, Egypt
4 American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), Chicago, USA
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence rates observed in young adults and Asian populations. Recent advancements in diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, and precision medicine approaches have revolutionized CRC management. This review aimed to summarize the latest developments in CRC diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, focusing on innovative technologies and personalized approaches. Advanced imaging techniques, including high-definition colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, and integrated PET-CT scans, have enhanced CRC detection and staging accuracy. Novel biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), and exosomes show promise for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Precision medicine employs molecular profiling to guide targeted therapies, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Anti-cancer metal ions such as platinum, ruthenium, and gallium compounds demonstrate efficacy through diverse mechanisms. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in imaging analysis, pathology, and treatment planning enhances diagnostic accuracy and personalized care. Herbal and traditional medicines, including curcumin and green tea catechins, exhibit anti-tumor properties and potential synergistic effects with conventional therapies. Prevention strategies include lifestyle modifications, screening programs, and risk-based personalized approaches. Emerging technologies such as organoid engineering and nanomedicine, offer new avenues for drug discovery and targeted delivery. Integrating advanced diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, and personalized approaches has substantially improved CRC management. However, challenges remain in addressing tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and treatment accessibility. Future research should focus on validating emerging technologies and biomarkers through large-scale clinical trials to further enhance CRC prevention, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes.