Immunotherapeutic treatment for metastatic prostate cancer: A review of recent clinical trials.

Abstract

Metastatic prostate cancer immunotherapy elicits its effects by targeting tumor-specific antigens, also known as tumor-associated antigens, which are commonly present in cancer cells. Advancements in prostate cancer immunotherapy research studies have shown distinctive and innovative prospective immunotherapy interventions for metastatic prostate cancer. Sipuleucel-T, the first immunotherapeutic drug to treat cases of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, is one of these notable interventions. Several immunotherapeutic treatments have been studied for metastatic prostate cancer through clinical trials, and some are currently under research in clinical trials to improve the overall survival rate in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. This review examines the types of immunotherapies for metastatic prostate cancer, along with immunotherapy treatments, and combination treatments with immunotherapy. This review places particular emphasis on immunotherapy in clinical trials. The goal of immunotherapeutic treatments is to restore the host immune system's ability to combat prostate cancer cells, primarily through natural mechanisms like the action of cytotoxic T cells on cancer cells. These treatments also work through a variety of mechanisms of action to elicit their desired effect through antigens, ligand binding, and checkpoint inhibitors. Prostate cancer susceptibility has also been linked to multiple gene mutations and expressions. The ability of immunomodulators to improve the immunoreactivity of prostate cancer patients has suggested that they can be used in combination with immunotherapy treatment for prostate cancer treatment. The trends in immunotherapy treatment for metastatic prostate cancer explore different immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and prostate cancer biomarkers to improve the clinical progression of metastatic prostate cancer patients, their overall survival rate, and the partial or complete remission of cancer cells. Moreover, the continuous clinical research studies in immunotherapy treatment for metastatic prostate cancer are currently not only exploring immunotherapy treatments for metastatic prostate cancer but also different combination therapies that can increase the effectiveness of the immunotherapy treatment.

Keywords: Immunotherapy, Metastatic Prostate Cancer, Genes, Immunotherapeutic Treatments, Clinical Trials,